The hashes is the most essential and influential part of the perl language. A hash is a group of key-value pairs. The keys are unique strings and values are scalar values.
Hashes are declared using my keyword. The variable name starts with a (%) sign.
Hashes are like arrays but there are two differences between them. First arrays are ordered but hashes are unordered. Second, hash elements are accessed using its value while array elements are accessed using its index value.
No repeating keys are allowed in hashes which makes the key values unique inside a hash. Every key has its single value.
my %hashName = ( "key" => "value"; )
To access single element of hash, ($) sign is used before the variable name. And then key element is written inside {} braces.
my %capitals = (
"India" => "New Delhi",
"South Korea" => "Seoul",
"USA" => "Washington, D.C.",
"Australia" => "Canberra"
);
print"$capitals{'India'}\n";
print"$capitals{'South Korea'}\n";
print"$capitals{'USA'}\n";
print"$capitals{'Australia'}\n";Hashes are indexed using $key and $value variables. All the hash values will be printed using a while loop. As the while loop runs, values of each of these variables will be printed.
my %capitals = (
"India" => "New Delhi",
"South Korea" => "Seoul",
"USA" => "Washington, D.C.",
"Australia" => "Canberra"
);
# LOOP THROUGH IT
while (($key, $value) = each(%capitals)){
print $key.", ".$value."\n";
}You can sort a hash using either its key element or value element. Perl provides a sort() function for this. In this example, we'll sort the hash by its key elements.
my %capitals = (
"India" => "New Delhi",
"South Korea" => "Seoul",
"USA" => "Washington, D.C.",
"Australia" => "Canberra"
);
# Foreach loop
foreach $key (sort keys %capitals) {
print "$key: $capitals{$key}\n";
}Look at the output, all the key elements are sorted alphabetically.
Here we'll sort hash by its value elements.
my %capitals = (
"India" => "New Delhi",
"South Korea" => "Seoul",
"USA" => "Washington, D.C.",
"UK" => "London"
);
# Foreach loop
foreach $value (sort {$capitals{$a} cmp $capitals{$b} }
keys %capitals)
{
print "$value $capitals{$value}\n";
}Look at the output, all the value elements are sorted alphabetically.
Accessing a key-value pair from hash which doesn't exist will return error or warnings. To prevent from this, you can check whether a key exist or not in a hash with exists() function. It returns true if the key exists.
my %capitals = (
"India" => "New Delhi",
"South Korea" => "Seoul",
"USA" => "Washington, D.C.",
"Australia" => "Canberra"
);
if (exists($capitals{'India'}))
{
print "found the key\n";
}The above output shows that the 'Indis' key exists in the 'capitals' hash.
If you want only some values from a hash, you can extract them and display as a list of values.
For this, you have to store them in an array variable with @ prefix as they will return a list of values and then print them.
my %capitals = (
"India" => "New Delhi",
"South Korea" => "Seoul",
"USA" => "Washington, D.C.",
"Australia" => "Canberra"
);
@array = @capitals{India, USA, Australia};
print "@array\n";An empty hash will always have size 0.
In this example, first we have created a hash with size 3. Then we have created an empty hash with size 0.
my %first = ('john'=>9853147320, 'jose'=>7823654028, 'janie',=>'8850279610');
print 'hash size: ', scalar keys %first;
print "\n";
#creating emptyempty hash
my %empty=();
print 'hash size: ', scalar keys %empty;New key-value pair can be added in a hash by declaring them as single element in the hash variable.
Here, we are adding two key-value pair, [Germany - Berlin] and [UK - London].
my %capitals = (
"India" => "New Delhi",
"South Korea" => "Seoul",
"USA" => "Washington, D.C.",
"Australia" => "Canberra"
);
while (($key, $value) = each(%capitals)){
print $key.", ".$value."\n";
}
#adding new element
$capitals{Germany} = Berlin;
$capitals{UK} = London;
# Printing new hash
print "\n";
while (($key, $value) = each(%capitals)){
print $key.", ".$value."\n";
}To remove a hash element, use delete() function.
Here, we have removed both the key-value pairs which were added in the last example.
my %capitals = (
"India" => "New Delhi",
"South Korea" => "Seoul",
"USA" => "Washington, D.C.",
"Australia" => "Canberra"
"Germany " => " Berlin"
" UK " => "London"
);
while (($key, $value) = each(%apitals)){
print $key.", ".$value."\n";
}
#removing element
delete($capitals{Germany});
delete($capitals{UK});
# Printing new hash
print "\n";
while (($key, $value) = each(%capitals)){
print $key.", ".$value."\n";
}deleting: In deleting, key-value pair will be deleted from the hash.
delete($hash{$key});undef: In undef, the value will be undefined but key will remain in the hash.
Undef $hash{$key};In the following example, we have created a hash 'rank'. One by one we'll undefine and remove all the key values from the hash. On undefining a key only its value will be shown, on deleting a key it will be completely deleted from the hash along with its value.
Like this, at the end all the hash elements will be deleted.
# creating hash
$rank{'John'} = '5 ';
$rank{'Ana'} = '7 ';
$rank{'Jiyaa'} = '3 ';
$rank{'Jassi'} = '1 ';
# printing all elements in the hash
print "before:\n";
print %rank;
print"\n";
# undefining John in the hash
print "\nundefine John\n";
undef$rank{'John'};
print %rank;
print"\n";
# deleting the 'John' key the in hash element
print "\nremove John\n";
delete($rank{'John'});
print %rank;
print"\n";
# undefining Ana in the hash
print "\nundefine Ana\n";
undef$rank{'Ana'};
print %rank;
print"\n";
# deleting the 'Ana' key the in hash element
print "\nremove Ana\n";
delete($rank{'Ana'});
print %rank;
print"\n";
# undefining Jiyaa in the hash
print "\nundefine Jiyaa\n";
undef$rank{'Jiyaa'};
print %rank;
print"\n";
# deleting the 'Jiyaa' key the in hash element
print "\nremove Jiyaa\n";
delete($rank{'Jiyaa'});
print %rank;
print"\n";
# undefining Jassi in the hash
print "\nundefine Jassi\n";
undef$rank{'Jassi'};
print %rank;
print"\n";
# deleting the 'Jassi' key the in hash element
print "\nremove Jassi\n";
delete($rank{'Jassi'});
print %rank;
